IM-1

Coordinates: 80°08′S 1°26′E / 80.13°S 1.44°E / -80.13; 1.44
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the 2024 lunar landing mission IM-1, featuring the spacecraft Odysseus. For the putative interstellar object reported in June 2019 also known as IM1, see CNEOS 2014-01-08. For the 1990-2009 solar orbiting mission originally named Odysseus, see Ulysses (spacecraft).

IM-1
Nova-C Class IM-1 Odysseus in preparation for launch
Mission typeLunar landing
OperatorIntuitive Machines
COSPAR ID2024-030A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.58963
Mission duration12 days, 5 hours and 45 minutes
(in progress)
4 days, 12 hours and 27 minutes (since landing)
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftNova-C
ManufacturerIntuitive Machines
Launch mass1,900 kilograms (4,200 lb)
Start of mission
Launch dateFebruary 15, 2024, 06:05:00 (2024-02-15UTC06:05Z) UTC
(1:05 a.m. EST)
RocketFalcon 9 Block 5 (B1060.18)
Launch siteKennedy LC-39A
End of mission
Landing dateFebruary 22, 2024, 23:23:00 (2024-02-22UTC23:24Z) UTC
Landing siteMalapert A 80°08′S 1°26′E / 80.13°S 1.44°E / -80.13; 1.44[1]



Mission Motto:
ADTIGO PLANITIA LUNAE
(I will touch the plains of the Moon)

-

Nova-C landers
IM-2 →
 

IM-1, also called TO2-IM,[2] is a mission of the NASA Commercial Lunar Payload Services program that was the first commercial lunar lander to have successfully soft-landed.[3][4] Upon conducting a successful southern lunar touchdown, it tipped on its side but all instruments remained functional, therefore the mission was judged successful. Data from the lander is being reviewed as of February 2024.[5] American aerospace company Intuitive Machines designed the Nova-C class of lunar landers and developed the IM-1 Odysseus lunar lander deployed on the Moon.

Odysseus carries six payloads developed by NASA in addition to others from commercial and educational customers.

Background and selection[edit]

In December 2017, Space Policy Directive 1 signaled an intention to return astronauts to the Moon.[6] Excerpts from NASA documents obtained by The New York Times suggested the agency would prioritize the private spaceflight sector.[7][8] In November 2018, NASA announced the Commercial Lunar Payload Services program, selecting nine companies to deploy payloads for the agency.[9] In May 2019, NASA announced that Astrobotic Technology, Intuitive Machines, and Orbit Beyond would develop lunar landers, awarding Intuitive Machines US$77 million.[10] Intuitive Machines was paid US$118 million to develop the Odysseus lunar lander used in the IM-1 mission.

The IM-1 mission in February 2024 followed the Peregrine mission by Astrobotic Technology, which launched in January 2024.[11][12] The Peregrine landing at Gruithuisen Domes was abandoned when a propellant leak was observed after launch, and the spacecraft was guided to re-enter Earth's atmosphere.[13]

Mission hardware[edit]

Main article: Intuitive Machines Nova-C

Odysseus was equipped with six instruments developed by NASA, including a laser retroreflector array, a lidar navigation device, a stereo camera, a low-frequency radio receiver, the Lunar Node-1 beacon, and an instrument to monitor propellant levels. Additionally, a camera built by students at Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, a planned Moon telescope, and a Jeff Koons art project were also on board.[14] In total the payloads comprise six NASA scientific instruments and six commercial instruments (five of the latter being scientific and one cultural).[15]

Odysseus landed at the Malapert-A crater and will stay active there for about a week, before the Sun sets at the landing site.[16] The Odysseus lander is not designed to survive the lunar night, which lasts about two weeks.[17]

The lander has a chip with works of 200 artists, including works of Pablo Picasso, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Jeff Koons and Bram Reijnders.[18][19] The lander carries the sculpture Moon Phases by Jeff Koons within its payload. This is the first sculpture installation to reach the Moon since Paul Van Hoeydonck's Fallen Astronaut sculpture was placed on the Moon by David Scott of Apollo 15 in 1971.[20][21] Koons describes Moon Phases as, "125 miniature Moon sculptures, each approximately one inch in diameter."[22]

The lander also carries the Lunaprise time capsule, which includes the Lunar Library compiled by the Arch Mission Foundation.[23] The Lunar Library includes content from the English Wikipedia and the Rosetta Project.[24][25] Also included onboard is an archive of musical recordings, which features songs by Jimi Hendrix, Bob Marley, and Elvis Presley, among other musicians.[26]

A Radio Frequency Mass Gauge (RFMG) payload has been also included to estimate how much propellant is available during the IM-1 mission. This is the first long-duration test of an RFMG on a standalone spacecraft.[27][28]

Name Agency/Company Type Details
Nova-C Odysseus Intuitive Machines Lunar lander The Landing Component of the mission. It will also provide support to the equipment.
ILO-X[29] International Lunar Observatory Instrument
Laser Retro-Reflector Array[30] NASA Instrument A passive optical instrument with eight laser retroreflectors which spacecraft could use for precision determination of their distance to the reflectors. The array provides a permanent location marker on the Moon.[28]
Navigation Doppler Lidar for Precise Velocity and Range Sensing[30] NASA Instrument Included as a technology demonstration payload, NDL was used operationally by Odysseus when the primary mission lidar was discovered to be inoperable.[31]
Lunar Node 1 Navigation Demonstrator[30] NASA Instrument A CubeSat-sized experiment to demonstrate autonomous navigation that could be used by landers, rovers, surface infrastructure and astronauts to confirm their relative positions on the Moon.[28]
Stereo Cameras for Lunar Plume-Surface Studies[30] NASA Instrument A suite of four cameras to capture imagery showing how the Moon’s surface changes from interactions with the spacecraft’s engine plume during and after descent.[28]
Radiowave Observations at the Lunar Surface of the photoElectron Sheath (ROLSES)[32] NASA / University of Colorado Boulder Instrument The instrument will observe the Moon’s surface environment in radio frequencies, to determine how natural and human-generated activity near the surface interacts with and could interfere with science conducted there.[28]
EagleCam[33] Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University CubeSat A Cubesat that was planned to record the landing after ejecting from IM-1 about 30 m before touchdown. [28]
Lunaprise[34] Galactic Legacy Labs Memorial
Moon Phases art cube[35] Pace Verso / 4Space / NFMoon Sculpture Passive payload blocked after lander tilted to the side hosting this payload, post landing.[36]
Omni-Heat[37] Columbia Sportswear Space blanket
Independence[37] Lonestar Lunar data center test mission

Mission events[edit]

Prior to launch[edit]

On January 31, 2024, the Odysseus spacecraft was encapsulated in the payload fairing of its Falcon 9 Block 5 launch vehicle.[38] On February 13, two wet dress rehearsals loading Odysseus with propellants were successful and IM announced that they were ready for launch.[39][40]

Launch[edit]

The Falcon 9 Block 5 launches from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A.

A Falcon 9 Block 5 launch vehicle carrying Odysseus lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A at 06:05 UTC on February 15, 2024. Originally planned to launch on February 13, SpaceX postponed the launch after reporting a technical issue with propellant loaded onto the lander.[14][41]

Early operations[edit]

The Intuitive Machines Nova-C lunar lander spacecraft separates from the launch vehicle that delivered it to orbit.

After separation from the launch vehicle, the Nova Control operations center established communication with the lander and conducted initial checkouts. Images captured by the spacecraft after separation from the launch vehicle were released February 17.[42]

Commissioning maneuver[edit]

The lander was scheduled to perform a main engine "commissioning burn" on February 15. Trent Martin, IM vice president of Space Systems, described this as a "critical step" for the mission.[43] After reporting issues with the IM-1 star tracker and adjustment of the liquid oxygen line cooling time IM reported a successful commissioning burn on February 16.[44][45] The maneuver resulted in a 21 m/s (47 mph) change in the lander's velocity.[46]

Trajectory correction maneuvers[edit]

IM planned for up to three trajectory adjustment maneuvers during the trans-lunar phase of the mission.[44] The first was completed on February 18,[46] and after the second maneuver on February 20, there was no need for a third.[47]

On February 20, IM reported that Odysseus had completed approximately 72% of its journey to the Moon's surface.[48]

Animations of IM-1 trajectories
Around the Earth
Around the Moon
   IM-1  ·   Earth ·   Moon

Lunar orbit[edit]

Odysseus performed a lunar orbit insertion (LOI) maneuver on February 21, altering its velocity by 800 m/s (1,800 mph). IM reported the 408-second main engine LOI burn placed the lander in a 92 km (57 mile) lunar orbit.[49][50] On February 22 IM indicated a "lunar correction maneuver" had raised the orbit.[51]

The lander then spent approximately 24 hours orbiting the Moon before its descent to the lunar surface on February 22.[52][53][50] On February 21, while still in orbit, Odysseus sent back high-resolution images of the lunar surface.

IM adjusted the descent burn parameters based on data from the lunar orbit insertion burn. IM indicated the risks undertaken during the lunar landing phase of the mission would be a "challenge".[50] A later report indicated that, as the lander was being prepared for its descent to the surface, mission controllers determined a safety switch on the primary laser rangefinder system had not been turned on during pre-launch preparations.[31] Teams on the ground worked around the issue by reprogramming Odysseus to use data from an experimental NASA payload, the Navigation Doppler Lidar for Precise Velocity and Range Sensing.[54]

EagleCam to record lunar landing[edit]

Just before landing, at approximately 30 m (98 ft) above the lunar surface, the Odysseus lander was to eject the EagleCam camera-equipped CubeSat, which was intended to drop onto the lunar surface near the lander, with an impact velocity of about 10 m/s (22 mph). From the surface the EagleCam would attempt to capture the first third-person images of a lunar landing.[55][56] The EagleCam was to use a Wi-Fi connection to the Odysseus lander to relay its images back to Earth.[57]

As was informed later, due to complications with Odysseus internal navigation system the decision was made to power down the EagleCam during landing and not deploy the device during Odysseus final descent. IM and EagleCam teams reported they still plan to deploy the EagleCam and capture images of the lander on the lunar surface as the mission continues.[58]

Lunar landing[edit]

Map showing location of the Malapert "satellite craters"

A favored landing site in 2020 was between the Sea of Serenity (Mare Serenitatis) and the Sea of Crises (Mare Crisium).[59][60] Lunar maria are large plains formed when lava flowed into ancient impact basins. Later, a lunar highlands location near the south pole of the Moon was chosen for the landing, since that region is believed to have a source of water for a future lunar base.[61]

The Malapert-A crater area 300 km (190 mi) from the lunar south pole was chosen because it appeared to be a relatively flat and safe place near the pole to land, amongst other considerations.[61][62]

After conducting prelander tests, Odysseus began its landing sequence at 23:11 UTC (6:11 p.m. EST) on February 22 and landed near Malapert A—an area of the Moon noted to contain water ice—at 23:23 UTC (6:23 p.m. EST).[63] Controllers confirmed that they were receiving faint communications from the lander.[64] The lander was initially believed to be in an upright position,[54][55] based on stale telemetry; it was later determined to have tipped over during the landing, albeit with its solar panels and instrumentation functionally oriented.[65][66] (The only non-functional payload is a passive Moon Phases art sculpture, as it is on the side facing towards the ground.)[67] The landing targeted the Malapert-A crater, about 300 km (190 mi) from the lunar south pole.[68] Odysseus became the first American spacecraft moon landing since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, the first successful commercial lunar lander and the first to do so with cryogenic propellants.[69] The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite made an intentional hard landing in 2009 following deorbit.

IM-1 landing site imaged by LROC
Before/After animation of landing site
IM-1 landing site by Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC)

Surface operations[edit]

Artistic depiction of a successful IM-1 landing

On February 23, IM reported that the IM-1 Odysseus lander was still "alive and well", and that IM was continuing to learn more about the vehicle's specific information[70] and whether the scientific payloads could still be deployed.[71][66]

On February 26 the IM team released the first images from the surface taken by the lunar probe.[72] Based on Earth and moon positioning, the IM team reported that flight controllers will continue to communicate with Odysseus until Tuesday morning.[73]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to IM-1.
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