2024 in paleontology
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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2024.
| 2024 in science |
|---|
| Fields |
| Technology |
| Social sciences |
| Paleontology |
| Extraterrestrial environment |
| Terrestrial environment |
| Other/related |
Flora[edit]
Plants[edit]
"Algae"[edit]
New taxa[edit]
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Krings |
Devonian |
Windyfield chert |
A probable unicellular alga. Genus includes new species C. amoenum. |
Phycological research[edit]
- Evidence from genomic data, interpreted as indicating that the brown algae originated during the Ordovician but their major diversification happened during the Mesozoic, is presented by Choi et al. (2024).[3]
- Kiel et al. (2024) report the discovery of kelp holdfasts from the Oligocene strata in Washington State (United States), providing evidence of the presence of kelp in the northeastern Pacific Ocean since the earliest Oligocene.[4]
Fungi[edit]
New taxa[edit]
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kundu & Khan |
Miocene |
A member of the family Meliolaceae. Announced in 2023; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2024. |
Mycological research[edit]
- Garcia Cabrera & Krings (2024) describe fungi colonizing bulbils of Palaeonitella cranii from the Devonian Rhynie chert, interpreted as distinct from fungi colonizing the axes and branchlets of P. cranii, which might indicate organ-specific colonization.[6]
Cnidarians[edit]
New taxa[edit]
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sp. nov |
Luo et al. |
Carboniferous |
Shiqiantan Formation |
A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Bothrophyllidae. |
||||
|
Bothrophyllum junggarense[7] |
Sp. nov |
Luo et al. |
Carboniferous |
Shiqiantan Formation |
A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Bothrophyllidae. |
|||
|
Sp. nov |
Luo et al. |
Carboniferous |
Shiqiantan Formation |
A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Cyathopsidae. |
Arthropods[edit]
Brachiopods[edit]
New taxa[edit]
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Jin et al. |
Silurian (Rhuddanian) |
Odins Fjord Formation |
A member of Pentamerida belonging to the superfamily Pentameroidea and the family Virgianidae. The type species is B. balderi. |
|||
|
Nom. nov |
Valid |
Gaudin |
Carboniferous |
A member of the family Rugosochonetidae; a replacement name for Robertsella Chen & Shi (2003). |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Jin et al. |
Ordovician (Katian) |
Merqujoq Formation |
A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Virgianidae. |
|||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Jin et al. |
Silurian (Aeronian) |
Odins Fjord Formation |
A member of Pentamerida belonging to the superfamily Stricklandioidea and the family Kulumbellidae. |
|||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Jin et al. |
Silurian (Rhuddanian) |
Turesø Formation |
A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Virgianidae. |
.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_(converted).svg.png){kind=small}
Molluscs[edit]
Echinoderms[edit]
New taxa[edit]
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Płachno et al. |
Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) |
Kérdacha Formation |
A crinoid belonging to the group Comatulida and the family Thiolliericrinidae. The type species is C. zamori. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Schlüter |
Late Cretaceous (Campanian) |
Research[edit]
- A review of the early evolution of echinoderms is published by Rahman and Zamora (2024). [12]
- Evidence of increase of diversity of adaptations to different life habits throughout the evolutionary history of Cambrian and Ordovician echinoderms is presented by Novack-Gottshall et al. (2024).[13]
- Bohatý et al. (2024) describe new fossil material of Monstrocrinus from the Devonian strata in Germany, and reinterpret Monstrocrinus as an attached, stalked echinoderm.[14]
Conodonts[edit]
New taxa[edit]
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ssp. nov |
Valid |
Orchard & Golding |
Middle Triassic |
|||||
|
Neogondolella excentrica sigmoidalis[15] |
Ssp. nov |
Valid |
Orchard & Golding |
Middle Triassic |
||||
|
Neogondolella quasiconstricta[15] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Orchard & Golding |
Middle Triassic |
||||
|
Neogondolella quasicornuta[15] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Orchard & Golding |
Middle Triassic |
Research[edit]
- Redescription of Stiptognathus borealis is published by Zhen (2024).[16]
- A study on the multielement apparatus of Gladigondolella tethydis is published by Golding & Kılıç (2024), who interpret their findings as supporting the interpretation of Cratognathodus elements as belonging to the apparatus of G. tethydis.[17]
Fish[edit]
Amphibians[edit]
New taxa[edit]
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
MacDougall et al. |
Early Permian |
A recumbirostran belonging to the family Brachystelechidae. The type species is B. subcolossus. |
|||||
| Kwatisuchus[19] | Gen. et sp. nov | Pinheiro et al. | Early Triassic | Sanga do Cabral Formation |  Brazil
|
A benthosuchid temnospondyl. The type species is K. rosai. | ||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Werneburg et al. |
An eryopid temnospondyl. The type species is S. boldi. |
|||||
|
Sp. nov |
Gómez et al. |
Miocene |
Mauri Formation |
A species of Telmatobius. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Santos et al. |
Oligocene |
A typhlonectid caecilian. The type species is Y. acrux. |
.svg/22px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_(Estado).svg.png){kind=small}
Research[edit]
- Porro, Martin-Silverstone & Rayfield (2024) redescribe the anatomy of the skull of Eoherpeton watsoni and present a new, three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull.[23]
- Redescription and a study on the affinities of Hyperokynodon keuperinus is published by Schoch (2024).[24]
- A study on the affinities of Chinlestegophis jenkinsi is published by Marjanović et al. (2024), whose phylogenetic analysis doesn't support the interpretation of C. jenkinsi and stereospondyls in general as stem caecilians.[25]
- Syromyatnikova et al. (2024) describe fossil material of a member of the genus Andrias from the Pliocene Belorechensk Formation (Krasnodar Krai, Russia), representing one of the geologically youngest and easternmost records of giant salamanders in Europe reported to date.[26]
- A specimen of Gansubatrachus qilianensis preserved with eggs within its body, interpreted as a skeletally immature gravid female, is described from the Lower Cretaceous Zhonggou Formation (China) by Du et al. (2024).[27]
- A diverse assemblage of amphibian fossils is described from the Miocene and Pliocene strata from the Hambach surface mine (Germany) by Villa, Macaluso & Mörs (2024), who interpret the studied fossils as indicative of a humid climate persisting in the area throughout the Neogene.[28]
- Reisz, Maho & Modesto (2024) reevaluate the affinities of recumbirostrans and lysorophians, arguing that the studied tetrapods were not amniotes.[29]
Reptiles[edit]
Synapsids[edit]
Non-mammalian synapsids[edit]
New taxa[edit]
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Martin et al. |
Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) |
|||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Averianov et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A tegotheriid docodont. The type species is E. ichchi. |
|||||
|
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Duhamel et al. |
A basal dicynodont. New genus for "Eodicynodon" oelofseni, the type species. |
| ||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Kerber et al. |
Triassic |
A traversodontid cynodont. The type species is P. franciscaensis. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Martinelli et al. |
Triassic |
A chiniquodontid cynodont. The type species is R. nenoi. |
Research[edit]
- Singh et al. (2024) provide evidence of a dramatic shift in the jaw functional morphology of carnivorous synapsids across the early-middle Permian transition, and interpret their findings as indicative of changes of feeding ecologies of predatory synapsids related to increasingly dynamic behaviors and interactions in the studied time interval.[35]
- Maho, Holmes & Reisz (2024) describe new fossil material of large-bodied synapsids from the Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, United States), including fossil material of a sphenacodontid which might be distinct from known members of the group and the first ophiacodontid material from this locality; the authors use photography, stipple drawings and coquille drawings for visual representation of the studied material, and argue that three forms of visual representation provide more information about the specimens compared to only using photographs.[36]
- Sidor & Mann (2024) describe an articulated sternum and interclavicle of a specimen of Aelurognathus tigriceps from the upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Zambia), providing new information on the anatomy of the sternum in gorgonopsians.[37]
- Benoit et al. (2024) reevaluate the provenance of three gorgonopsian specimens from purported Lower Triassic strata in the Karoo Basin (South Africa), and interpret the studied fossils as expanding the range of the genus Cyonosaurus higher up in the extinction zone, but don't confirm the survival of gorgonopsians past the Permian–Triassic extinction event.[38]
- A study on dental complexity in gomphodont cynodonts through time, indicating that the peak in postcanine complexity was reached early in the gomphodont evolution, is published by Hendrickx et al. (2024).[39]
- Kaiuca et al. (2024) provide new body mass estimates for multiple cynodont taxa, and report that rates of body size evolution were lower in prozostrodontians ancestral to the first Mammaliaformes than in other lineages.[40]
Mammals[edit]
Other animals[edit]
New taxa[edit]
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Han, Guo, Wang and Qiang in Wang et al. |
A member of Saccorhytida. The type species is B. spinosa. |
||||||
|
Sp. nov |
Vinn et al. |
Ordovician (Hirnantian) |
A member of Cornulitida. |
|||||
|
Sp. nov |
Vinn et al. |
Ordovician (Hirnantian) |
A member of Cornulitida. |
|||||
|
Sp. nov |
Fang, Poinar & Luo in Fang et al. |
Cretaceous |
Burmese amber |
A nematode belonging to the family Mermithidae. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Davydov et al. |
Carboniferous (Gzhelian) |
Kosherovo Formation |
A calcareous sponge. The type species is G. cornigera. Published online in 2024, but the issue date is listed as December 2023. |
|||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Zhao et al. |
Ediacaran |
Dengying Formation |
A possible member of Trilobozoa. The type species is L. tribrachialis. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Vinn, Wilson & Toom |
Ordovician (Hirnantian) |
Ärina Formation |
A member of Cornulitida. The type species is P. fragilis. |
|||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Park et al. |
Cambrian |
Sirius Passet Lagerstätte |
A member of the stem group of Chaetognatha. The type species is K. koprii. |
Research[edit]
- Cao, Meng & Cai (2024) use electrochemical methods to simulate the process of tube generation of Cloudina under the same phosphorus content as modern seawater.[48]
- Wang et al. (2024) describe fossil material of two distinct types of archaeocyaths from the Cambrian Shuijingtuo and Xiannüdong formations (China), including fossils with complicated interior network of canals which might be remains of a water filtration mechanism more complex and efficient than the ones seen in sponges.[49]
- Turk et al. (2024) redescribe the type material of Archaeichnium haughtoni, and interpret it as one of the earliest examples of marine worm burrow linings in the fossil record reported to date.[50]
Other organisms[edit]
New taxa[edit]
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colum tekini[51] | sp. nov | Valid | Sashida & Ito in Sashida et al. | Upper Triassic (lower Norian) |  Thailand
|
A pseudodictyomitrid radiolarian. Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as January 2024. |
Research[edit]
- Demoulin et al. (2024) interpret Polysphaeroides filiformis from the Proterozoic Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup (Democratic Republic of the Congo) as a photosynthetic cyanobacterium representing the oldest unambiguous complex fossil member of Stigonemataceae known to date.[52]
- Evidence of preservation of thylakoid membranes within 1.78- to 1.73-billion-year-old fossils of Navifusa majensis from the McDermott Formation (Tawallah Group; Australia) and in 1.01- to 0.9-billion-year-old specimens from the Grassy Bay Formation (Shaler Supergroup; Canada) is reported by Demoulin et al. (2023).[53]
- A study comparing the preservation of fossils of cyanobacterial assemblages from the Ediacaran Gaojiashan biota and from the Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota (China) is published by Min et al. (2024), who interpret the differences of preservation modes of the studied fossils as resulting from changes of atmospheric CO2 levels, which may have risen to approximately ten times present atmospheric level during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition, and from related changes in marine chemical conditions.[54]
- McMahon et al. (2024) describe fossil material of a colony-forming entophysalid cyanobacterium from the Devonian Rhynie chert (Scotland, United Kingdom) with similarities to extant Entophysalis and mostly Proterozoic Eoentophysalis, and interpret this finding as suggestive of persistence of a single lineage with a broad environmental tolerance across 2 billion years.[55]
- Miao et al. (2024) describe 1.63-billion-year-old fossils of Qingshania magnifica from the Chuanlinggou Formation (China), and interpret the studied fossils as indicating that simple multicellularity evolved early in eukaryote history.[56]
- A study on the depositional setting of the strata of the Diabaig and Loch na Dal formations (Scotland, United Kingdom) preserving approximately 1-billion-year-old eukaryotic microfossils is published by Nielson, Stüeken & Prave (2024), who interpret their findings as indicating that early eukaryotes from the studied formations lived in estuaries rather than lakes, and were likely exposed to frequently changing water conditions.[57]
History of life in general[edit]
- Ediacaran shallow-marine macrofossils from the Llangynog Inlier (Wales, United Kingdom) are determined to be approximately 564.09 million years old by Clarke et al. (2024).[58]
- New silicified fossil assemblage is described from the Ediacaran Dengying Formation (Shaanxi, China) by Dai et al. (2024), who interpret fossil material of Cloudina from this assemblage as indicating that Cloudina had a worldwide distribution in different paleoecologies and biofacies.[59]
- Evidence from the strata of the Dengying, Yanjiahe and Shuijingtuo formations (China), interpreted as indicative of the existence of a relationship between variable oceanic oxygenation, nitrogen supply and the evolution of early Cambrian life, is presented by Wei et al. (2024).[60]
- Slater (2024) describes a diverse assemblage of arthropod and molluscan microfossil from the Cambrian Stage 3 Mickwitzia Sandstone (Sweden), providing evidence of diversification of molluscan radulae which happened by the early Cambrian.[61]
- Saleh et al. (2024) report the discovery of a new Early Ordovician Lagerstätte from Montagne Noire (France), preserving fossils of a diverse polar assemblage of both biomineralized and soft-bodied organisms (the Cabrières Biota).[62]
- Evidence from strata from the Permian–Triassic transition from southwest China, interpreted as indicative of temporal decoupling of the terrestrial and marine extinctions in Permian tropics during the Permian–Triassic extinction event and of a protracted terrestrial extinction spanning approximately 1 million years, is presented by Wu et al. (2024).[63]
- Revision of the fossil record of the Triassic tetrapods from Russia is published by Shishkin et al. (2024).[64]
- Simms & Drost (2024) interpret Triassic caves within Carboniferous limestone outcrops in south-west Britain as Carnian in age, and consider terrestrial vertebrate fossils preserved in those caves to be Carnian or at least significantly pre-Rhaetian in age.[65]
- Evidence from calcareous nannofossils and small foraminifera from the Transylvanian Basin (Romania), interpreted as indicative of the appearance of a diverse continental vertebrate faunal assemblage on Hațeg Island by the second half of the late Campanian, presence of kogaionid multituberculates in the earliest known Hațeg faunas, and post-Campanian arrivial of hadrosauroids and titanosaur sauropods on the island, is presented by Bălc et al. (2024).[66]
- Fossil material of a reef biota that survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, including scleractinian corals and domical and bulbous growth forms which might be fossils of calcified sponges, is described from the Maastrichtian and Paleocene strata from the Adriatic islands Brač and Hvar (Croatia) by Martinuš et al. (2024).[67]
- New Miocene and Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages are described from the Sin Charoen sandpit (Nakhon Ratchasima province, Thailand) by Naksri et al. (2024), who intepret the Pleistocene assemblage as having strong faunal relationships with the Early-Middle Pleistocene faunas of Java (Indonesia).[68]
Other research[edit]
- 563-million-year-old horizontal markings with similarities to horizontal animal trace fossils, reported from the Itajaí Basin (Brazil), are interpreted as pseudofossils of tectonic origin by Becker Kerber et al. (2024), who propose a set of criteria which can be used to evaluate the identity of putative trace fossils.[69]
- A study on silicified fossils from the Ordovician Edinburg Formation (Virginia, United States), aiming to determine sources of potential bias in fossil recovery, is published by Jacobs et al. (2024).[70]
- Evidence interpreted as indicative of strong ozone depletion of the atmosphere at the onset of the Permian–Triassic extinction event is presented by Li et al. (2024).[71]
- Woolley et al. (2024) attempt to quantify the amount of phylogenetic information available in the global fossil records of non-avian theropod dinosaurs, Mesozoic birds and squamates, and find that the studies of the phylogenic relationships of extinct animals are less affected by disproportionate representation of taxa from specific geologic units (especially Lagerstätten) in the evolutionary tree when the entire global fossil record of the studied groups, rather than just fossils from specific geologic units, preserves higher amount of phylogenetic information; the authors also find that Late Cretaceous squamate fossils from the Djadochta and Barun Goyot formations (Mongolia) provide a diproportionally large amount of phylogenetic information available in the squamate fossil record.[72]
- Eberth (2024) revises the stratigraphic architecture of the Campanian Belly River Group (Alberta, Canada).[73]
- Evidence indicating that, in spite of high global temperatures, oxygen availability in the waters of the tropical North Pacific actually rose during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, is presented by Moretti et al. (2024), who argue that this oxygen rise in the ocean might have prevented a mass extinction during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.[74]
- Wiseman, Charles & Hutchinson (2024) compare multiple reconstructions of the musculature of Australopithecus afarensis, evaluating the capability of different models to maintain an upright, single-support limb posture, and find that models which are otherwise identical might be either able or unable support the body posed on an extended limb solely as a result of changing the input architectural parameters and including or excluding an elastic tendon.[75]
- Sullivan et al. (2024) argue that the process of generating rigorous reconstructions of extinct animals can lead to fresh inferences about the anatomy of the studied animals, and support their claims with examples from dinosaur paleontology.[76]
Paleoclimate[edit]
- A multibillion-year history of seawater δ18O, temperature, and marine and terrestrial clay abundance is reconstructed by Isson & Rauzi (2024), who report evidence interpreted as indicative of temperate Proterozoic climate, and evidence indicating that declines in clay authigenesis coincided with Paleozoic and Cenozoic cooling, the expansion of siliceous life, and the radiation of land plants.[77]
- A study on the geochemistry of Jurassic deposits of the External Rif Chain (Morocco), providing evidence of climate changes in northwest Gondwana during the Jurassic period (from cool climate with low rainfall and productivity during the Early Jurassic, to moister, warmer climate during the Middle and Late Jurassic, subsequently returning to arid and cool climate during the Late Jurassic), is published by Kairouani et al. (2024).[78]
- Clark et al. (2024) present a new reconstruction of global temperature changes over the past 4.5 million years, interpreted as consistent with changes in the carbon cycle.[79]
References[edit]
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- ^ Krings, M. (2024). "Further observations on stalked microfossils from the Lower Devonian Rhynie cherts that resemble the algae Characiopsis (Eustigmatophyceae) and Characium (Chlorophyceae)". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 105081. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2024.105081.
- ^ Choi, S.-W.; Graf, L.; Choi, J. W.; Jo, J.; Boo, G. H.; Kawai, H.; Choi, C. G.; Xiao, S.; Knoll, A. H.; Andersen, R. A.; Yoon, H. S. (2024). "Ordovician origin and subsequent diversification of the brown algae". Current Biology. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.069. PMID 38262417.
- ^ Kiel, S.; Goedert, J. L.; Huynh, T. L.; Krings, M.; Parkinson, D.; Romero, R.; Looy, C. V. (2024). "Early Oligocene kelp holdfasts and stepwise evolution of the kelp ecosystem in the North Pacific". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 121 (4). e2317054121. doi:10.1073/pnas.2317054121. PMC 10823212. PMID 38227671.
- ^ Kundu, S.; Khan, M. A. (2023). "Black mildew disease on the Siwalik (Miocene) monocot leaves of Western Himalaya, India caused by Meliolinites". Fungal Biology. 128 (1): 1626–1637. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2023.12.006.
- ^ Garcia Cabrera, N.; Krings, M. (2024). "Fungi colonizing bulbils of the charophyte green alga Palaeonitella cranii from the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert, Scotland". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 310 (2): 99–117. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2023/1172.
- ^ a b c Luo, Z.; Shi, G.; Lin, W.; Chen, J.; Liu, J.; Bai, H.; Liang, K.; Yao, L.; Huang, X.; Qie, W.; Wang, Y. (2024). "Upper Carboniferous Corals around the Junggar Basin, northern Xinjiang, NW China". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. doi:10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2023013.
- ^ a b c d Jin, J.; Rasmussen, C. M. Ø.; Sheehan, P. M.; Harper, D. A. T. (2024). "Late Ordovician and early Silurian virgianid and stricklandioid brachiopods from North Greenland: implications for a warm-water faunal province". Papers in Palaeontology. 10 (1). e1544. doi:10.1002/spp2.1544.
- ^ Gaudin, J. (2024). "Chenshichonetes nom. nov., a new replacement name for Robertsella Chen & Shi, 2003 (Brachiopoda, Rugosochonetidae)". Zootaxa. 5403 (2): 293–294. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5403.2.8.
- ^ Płachno, B. J.; Benyoucef, M.; Mekki, F.; Adaci, M.; Bouchemla, I.; Jain, S.; Krajewski, M.; Salamon, M. A. (2024). "Copernicrinus zamori gen. et sp. nov., the oldest thiolliericrinid crinoid (Crinoidea, Echinodermata) from the Bajocian strata of northwestern Algeria, Africa". Journal of Palaeogeography. doi:10.1016/j.jop.2024.02.001.
- ^ Schlüter, N. (2024). "One steps out of line—A "modern" Micraster species (Echinoidea, Spatangoida) with some old-fashioned look, Micraster ernsti sp. nov. from the Campanian (Cretaceous)". Zootaxa. 5403 (1): 80–90. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5403.1.5.
- ^ Rahman, I; Zamora, S (January 2, 2024). "Origin and Early Evolution of Echinoderms". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 52. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-113343.
- ^ Novack-Gottshall, P. M.; Purcell, J.; Sultan, A.; Ranjha, I.; Deline, B.; Sumrall, C. D. (2024). "Ecological novelty at the start of the Cambrian and Ordovician radiations of echinoderms". Palaeontology. 67 (1). e12688. doi:10.1111/pala.12688.
- ^ Bohatý, J.; Poschmann, M. J.; Müller, P.; Ausich, W. I. (2024). "Putting a crinoid on a stalk: new evidence on the Devonian diplobathrid camerate Monstrocrinus". Journal of Paleontology: 1–18. doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.84.
- ^ a b c d Orchard, M. J.; Golding, M. L. (2024). "The Neogondolella constricta (Mosher and Clark, 1965) group in the Middle Triassic of North America: speciation and distribution". Journal of Paleontology: 1–31. doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.52.
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